EFFECT OF SOME ALGAL SPECIES ON THE SNAIL INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN EGYPT I. SURVIVAL, FECUNDITY AND NET REPRODUCTIVE RATES

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University

2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University

3 Environmental and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute.

Abstract

Planktonic samples were collected from two habitats in Giza Governorate, Kafr Hakem (+ snails) and Sadek canals (- snails). Oscillatoria accuminata and Lyngbya perelegans were collected from the first location, while Phormidium valderianum, Spirogyra sp and Lyngbya perelegans were separated from the second one. Nostoc muscorum was obtained from Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI) and used in some experiments as control because it is non toxic. The effect of the previously mentioned algal species on Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus snails, the intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in Egypt, was studied. Investigations were carried out on the survivorship (Lx), fecundity (Mx) and reproduction (R0) of the snails. The obtained results indicate that O. accuminata, Spirogyra sp and L. perelegans were non toxic, while P. valderianum was toxic to the two snail species (sublethal concentration LC0 was used in the experiments).
Concerning the survivorship, both snail species fed on O. accuminata had a higher survival rate than snails fed on other algal species or lettuce. While low survival rate was recorded in both snail species fed on Spirogyra sp. Fecundity of snails fed on lettuce (control) showed the highest value, followed by P. valderianum and L. perelegans, while the lower fecundity value was recorded in snails fed on O. accuminata. Concerning the net reproductive rate, snails nourished on lettuce recorded the highest value, while those fed on L. perelegans showed the lowest one.
Chromatographic analysis of P. valderianum extract (using GC/MS) revealed the presence of toxic and molluscicidaly active components.

Keywords

References

Abderrabi, M.; Marchal, S.; Merlin, J.L. (1996). Comparative in vitro evaluation of dithiane analogs of tiapamil, Ro 11-2933, Ro 44-5911 and Ro 44-5912 as multidrug resistance modulators. Anticancer-Drugs, 7(4): 430-436.
Ayad, N. (1974). A short review of the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Africa. Egypt. J. Bilh., 1: 9-19.
Bakry, F. A. and Sharaf El-Din, A. T. (2000). Effect of some sublethal concentrations of Bayluscide against Biomphalaria alexandrina. J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., 31: 15-25.
Belfaiza, M.; Abrous, M.; Rondelaud, D.; Moncef, M. and Dreyfuss, G. (2004). The use of Tetraphyll as food for snails increases the intensity of cercarial shedding in Galba truncatula infected with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology-Research, 94 (2): 86-90.
Bolch, C. J. S. and Blackburn, S. I. (1996). Isolation and purification of Australian isolates of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz. J.Appl. Phycology, 8: 5-13.
Bourrelly, P. (1970). Les algues d’eau douce. Initiation a La systemique Tome III. Les algues bleues et rouges. Editions N.B. Boubee and Cie, 512 pp.
Brusle, J. (1995). The impact of harmful algal blooms on finfish occurrence of fish kills. Paperes-Ocean, 10: 1-75.
Chaudhry, A. M. and Morgan, E. (1987). Factors affecting the growth and fecundity of Bulinus tropicus (Krauss) (Gastropoda). J. Moll. Stud., 53: 52-61.
Cheng, C. T. (1973). The Digenetic Trematodes. In: General Parasitology. Academic Press, New York, London, 12: 416-425.
Choo, C. Y.; Chan, K.L.; Sam, T. W.; Hitotsuyanagi, Y. and Takeye, K. (2001). The cytotoxicity and chemical constituents of the hexane fraction of Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceae). J. Ethnopharmacol., 77 (1): 129-131.
Claugher, D. (1960). The transport and laboratory culture of snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol, 54: 333.
Cronberg, G.; Annadotter, H. and Lawton, L. A. (1999). The occurrence of toxic blue green algae in lake Ringsjon, Southern Sweden, despite nutrient reduction and fish biomanipulation. Hydrobiologia, 404:123-129.
Davis, A. (2000). Global control of schistosomiasis. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 94: 609-615.
De Bernardi, R. and Giussani, G. (1990). Are blue green algae a suitable food for zooplankton: An overview. Hydrobiologia, 200/201: 29-41.
De Motta, W. R.; Zang, Q. X. and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Effect of toxic cyanobacteria and purified toxins on the survival and feeding of a copepod and three species of Daphnia. Limnology and Oceanography, 36: 1346-1357.
Desikachary, T. V. (1959). Cyanophyta. In: Indian Council of Agriculture Research, Bombay, India.
Dillenberg, H. O. and Dehnel, M. K. (1960). Toxic water-bloom in Saskatchewan. Can. Med. Assoc., 83: 1151-1154.
Dolezal, M.; Jampilek, J.; Osticka, Z.; Kunes, J.; Buchta, V. and Vichova, P. (2003). Substituted 5-aroylpyrazine-2 carboxylic acid derivatives: synthesis and biological activity. Farmaco., 58 (11): 1105-1111.
El-Assal, F. M.; El-Gindy, H. I.; Roushdy, M. Z. and Fahmy, Z. H. (1992). Studies on the optimal conditions for breeding, maintenance and infection of snail vectors of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. I. Effect of crowding, water volume and diet on the egg production and survival rate of reared snails. J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., 8B: 135-157.
El-Emam, M. and Madsen, H. (1982). The effect of temperature, darkness, starvation and various food types on growth, survival and reproduction of Helisoma duryi, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Hydrobiologia, 88: 265-275.
El-Hawary, A. A. (1990). Some ecological and physiological studies on freshwater pollution and its relationship with distribution of snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in Egypt. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, CairoUniversity.
Falch, B. S.; Konig, G. M.; Wright, A. D. and Sticher, O. (1992). Antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from the blue green alga Fischerella ambigua. Planta Med., 58: 654-655.
Ferreira, M. F.; Delgado, M. L.; Seixas, L. A. M. and Sampaio-Silva, M. L. (2000). Optimum conditions for growth in liquid medium Oscillatoria formosa Bory used as the principle food in laboratory culture of intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis and fasciolosis. Parasitol., 7: 227-231.
Frazier, K.; Colvin, B.; Styer, E.; Hullinger, G. and Garcia, R. (1998). Microcystin toxicosis in cattle due to over growth of blue green algae. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 40: 23-24.
Gevery, J.; Michel, S. and Euzeby, T. (1976). Mise en evidence de la toxicité d’un complexe algal sur la faune aquatique. Vet. Med. Comp. Lyon,74: 191.
Gilbert, J. J. (1990). Differential effects of Anabaena affinis on Cladocerans and Rotifers: Mechanisms and implications. Ecology, 71: 1727-1740.
Giovanelli, A.; da Silva, C. L.; Medeiros, L. and de Vasconcellos, M. C. (2001). The molluscicidal activity of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii on Melanoides tuberculata (Thiaridae), a snail associated with habitats of Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz.,96 (1): 123-125.
Halderen, A.; Harding, W. R.; Wessels, J. C.; Schneider, D. J.; Heine, E. W. P., Merwe, J. and Fourie, J. M. (1995). Cyanobacterial (blue green algae) poisoning of livestock in Western Cape Province of South Africa. J. South Afr. Veter. Ass., 66: 260-264.
Ismail, N. M. M. and Haroun, N. H. (2001). effect of various foods on Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus and their susceptibility to Schistosome miracidia. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 31(3): 939-952.
Kabzinski, A. K. M.; Juszczak, R.; Miekos, E.; Tarczynska, M.; Sivonen, K. and Rapala, J. (2000). The first report about the presence of cyanobacterial toxins in polish lakes. Polish J. Environ. Studies, 9: 171-178.
Lauren-Maatta, C.; Hietala, J.; Reinikainen, M. and Walls, M. (1995). Do Microcystis aeruginosa toxins accumulate in the food web. Hydrobiologia, 304: 23-27.
Lee, C. G.; Kim, S. K. and Lee, C. Y. (1994). Rapid growth of Lymnaea viridis, the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, under laboratory conditions. Vet. Parasitol., 51: 327-331.
Liang, Y. S.; Bruce, J. I. and Boyd, D. A. (1987). Laboratory cultivation of schistosome vector snails and maintenance of schistosome life cycles. Proc. 1st Sino-American Symp., 1: 34-48.
Lincoln, R. A.; Strupinski, K. and Walker, J. M. (1996). The use of Artemia nauplii (brine shrimp larvae) to detect toxic compounds from microalgal cultures. Int. J. Pharmacognosy, 34: 384-389
Madsen, H. and Frandsen, F. (1980). An additional food for laboratory culture of some species of freshwater pulmonate snails. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 74: 259-261.
Mohamed, A. M.; Jamel Al-Layl, K. S. and Jamal Al-Lail, S. S. (1992). Toxic effects of the fresh water cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii (blue green algae) on the snail Melanoides tuberculata (Muller). J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool. (Invertebrate & Parasitology), 9D: 223-235.
Nawwar, G. A.; Swellem, R.H.; Ibrahim, A. M. (1994). Oxazole, pyrazole and piperidine derivatives having an o. hydroxyaryl moiety with anticipated molluscicidal activity. Arch-Pharm-Res.17 (2): 66-70.
Negri, A. P.; Jones, G. J. and Hindmarsh, M. (1995). Sheep mortality associated with paralytic shellfish poisons from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. Toxicon-Oxford, 33: 1321-1329.
Penaloza, R.; Rojas, M.; Vila, I. and Zambrano, F. (1990). Toxicity of a soluble peptide from Microcystis sp to zooplankton and fish. Fresh Water Biology, 24: 233-240.
Prescott, G. W. (1978). How to know the fresh water algae? WMC Brown Company Publishers Lowa pp. 12-267.
Puder, C.; Krastel, P. and Zeeck, A. (2000). Streptazones A, B(1), B(2), C and D: new piperidine alkaloids from streptomycetes. J.Nat.Prod., 63 (9): 1258-1260.
Ragab, F. M. (1996). The role of adjuvants on the activity of certain molluscicides against snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis Agricultural Science, CairoUniversity.
Renno, R. (1972). Contribuico aoestudo das characeae parao cambate a e squistosome. Ann. De la Real Academi de Farmacia, 38: 688.
Rizk, A.; Mantawy, M. I. and Abdel-Hamid, A. Z. (1999). Bait formulations from freshwater algae containing a potent molluscicide for control of schistosomiasis. Egypt. J. Bilh., 21: 113-123.
Solovskii, M.V.; Zaikina, N.A.; Okulova, N.V.; Belokhvostova, A.T. (2000). The antimicrobial activity and acute toxicity of the polymer salts of gentamycin. Antibiot. Khimioter.,45(6): 10-12.
SPSS Inc. (1999). SPSS release version 10.0 for windows. SPSS Inc.
Stainer, R. Y.; Kunisava, R.; Mandel, M. and Cohen-Bazire, G. (1971). Purification and properties of unicellular blue green algae (Order: Chroococcales). Bact. Rev., 35: 171-205.
Tarafder, M. T.; Kasbollah, A.; Sara-vanan, N.; Crouse, K. A.; Ali, A. M. and Tin-Oo, K. (2002). S-methyldithiocarbazate and its Schiff bases: Evaluation of bonding s and biological properties. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Biophys., 6 (2): 85-91.
Thompson, S. N. (1984). Spirulina as a nutrient source in experimental media for maintaining the schistosome vector Biomphalaria glabrata. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 78: 547-548.
Turell, M. J. and Middlebrook, J. L. (1988). Mosquito inoculation: An alternative bioassay for toxins. Toxicon, 26: 1089-1094.
W.H.O. (1999). Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis control. Geneva, 2 – 4 December 1988. Geneva World Health Organization. WHO/CDS/CPC/SIP/99.2
Zimba, P. V.; Khoo, L.; Gaunt, P. S.; Brittain, S. and Carmichael, W. W. (2001). Confirmation of catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), mortality from Microcystis toxins. J. Fish Dis., 24: 41-47.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics